This paper brings together what past reviews say about telework to create a single, clear picture of the behaviors people use when they work away from the office. The authors define telework as work done outside a centralized workplace that depends on information and communication technologies (ICTs). They distinguish the formal setup an employer provides (a telework arrangement) from the actions employees actually take inside that setup (telework behavior).

To build their framework the team ran a systematic review following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). They searched the SCOPUS database in January 2026 and updated the search in June 2026. The initial search returned 25,081 records and, after screening, 114 review articles were analyzed. The authors then used a constructivist grounded theory approach, a qualitative method that builds concepts and relationships from the reviewed texts while acknowledging the researchers’ interpretive role.

From those reviews the paper identifies six behavioral dimensions that describe what teleworkers do: performance conduct (how work gets done), communication conduct (how people interact), environmental conduct (how the physical or virtual setting is managed), task conduct (how tasks are organized and completed), policy conduct (how rules and procedures are followed), and well-being conduct (actions affecting health and balance). The authors also group factors that come before behavior into five antecedent categories (individual factors, job characteristics, organizational norms, technological factors, and work environment factors). Outcomes after those behaviors fall into six groups: job satisfaction, productivity, turnover, health and well-being, work–life balance, and social isolation. Three contextual moderators were named: telework modality (for example, fully remote versus hybrid), worker preference for telework, and cultural or national context.